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Gancao Fuzitang originates from the Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases （《伤寒杂病论》） and is mainly used to treat pain in the bones and joints and symptoms such as no flexion or extension. It has the effect of tonifying the spleen and kidney and removing dampness and turbidity， so it is widely used in the clinical treatment of various bone and joint diseases. This article reviewed the clinical research and mechanism of Gancao Fuzitang in the treatment of bone and joint diseases. The research has found that this prescription has good efficacy in treating bone and joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis， rheumatoid arthritis， ankylosing spondylitis， gout， and intervertebral disc herniation. Its mechanism of action may be related to regulating the level of inflammatory factors， antioxidation， and the protein expression of inflammatory and apoptotic cell-related pathways， improving bone and joint diseases， and alleviating related symptoms. This study can provide a reference for further deepening the research on the prevention and treatment of bone and joint diseases with Gancao Fuzitang.
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ObjectiveTo explore the clinical application law and provide literature support and development ideas for the modern application of fresh Plantaginis Herba. MethodThe literature about the application of fresh Plantaginis Herba was retrieved from the fifth edition of Chinese medical dictionary， China national knowledge infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP， Wanfang data， and Chinese medical journals and analyzed. ResultFresh Plantaginis Herba appeared frequently in ancient books， with the effects of clearing heat， cooling blood， promoting urination， and relieving stranguria. It was used for the treatment of stranguria， urine retention， bloody urine， sore and carbuncle， epistaxis， red and swelling eye， suppurative inflammation in the throat， and gynecological and pediatric diseases. According to modern medical publications， fresh Plantaginis Herba is mainly used to treated diseases in the kidney， five sense organs， spleen， stomach， lung， liver， gallbladder， and skin and gynecological and pediatric diseases. Specifically， it is mainly used to treat the syndrome of dampness and heat in kidney and skin diseases caused by the accumulation of dampness and heat toxin， with the effects of clearing heat， removing toxin， promoting urination， and relieving stranguria. Since ancient times， there have been reports of using fresh Plantaginis Herbausing for food and health care. ConclusionFresh Plantaginis Herba is widely used in clinical practice and has a high medical value and economic value. However， its modern application lags behind， so it is necessary to promote the development of fresh Plantaginis Herba from the aspects of medicinal material production， storage， transportation， preparation research and development， and clinical application.
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ObjectiveTo sort out the historical evolution， prescription evolution and modern clinical application of Huagaisan. MethodHuagaisan and its synonym Huagaitang are used as keywords to search the databases of Traditional Chinese Medicine Think Tank， Chinese Medical Dictionary， Airusheng Chinese Medical Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria， we obtained the information of ancient books and modern clinical research literature related to Huagaisan， and systematically reviewed and analyzed the historical origin， prescription composition， preparation method， dosage， efficacy， medicinal material origin， processing method and modern clinical application of Huagaisan. ResultA total of 198 pieces of ancient book information were included， involving 93 ancient Chinese medicine books. Huagaisan was composed of fried Perillae Fructus， red Poria， fried Mori Cortex， Citri Eoxcarpium Rubrum， stir-fried Armeniacae Semen Amarum， Ephedrae Herba and fried Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， which had the efficacy of promoting the lungs and relieving epidemiological symptoms， expelling phlegm and relieving cough， and treating cough with wind-cold bundled epidemiological symptoms and stagnation of phlegm and Qi. The preparation method was suggested as boiling powder， crushing the seven herbs into coarse particles， the dosage of each drug was fried Perillae Fructus of 1.27 g， red Poria of 1.27 g， fried Mori Cortex of 1.27 g， Citri Eoxcarpium Rubrum of 1.27 g， stir-fried Armeniacae Semen Amarum of 1.27 g， Ephedrae Herba of 1.27 g and fried Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma of 0.64 g， taking 8.26 g when decocting， adding 300 mL of water， decocting to 210 mL， removing the dregs， and taking it warmly after meals. Twenty-one clinical research papers were included to analyze the modern clinical application of Huagaisan， which was mainly used in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as pneumonia， asthma， bronchitis and so on. ConclusionThis paper has verified and summarized the key information of the famous classical formula Huagaisan， which can provide a detailed reference basis for the development and clinical application of its compound preparation.
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Sprays have gained significant attention and widespread use due to their numerous advantages, including rapid action, safety, and convenience. They are widely used in various fields such as dermatology, respiratory disease treatment, wound repair, and central nervous system targeted drug delivery. With the in-depth research of new drugs and modern pharmaceutics, the development ideas of sprays are more diverse, and the application scenarios are increasingly extensive. In this review the clinical application status of sprays and the latest research progress were summarized. Then the quality control parameters were briefly introduced，which provided reference for the research and development of sprays.
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Qinghao Biejiatang， first recorded in the Detailed Analysis of Warm Diseases （《温病条辨》） written by WU Jutong in the Qing Dynasty， is composed of Artemisiae Annuae Herba， Trionycis Carapax， Rehmanniae Radix， Anemarrhenae Rhizoma， and Moutan Cortex. With the effects of nourishing Yin and relieving heat， this prescription is often used to treat the syndrome of Yin deficiency and internal heat. The deficiency of healthy Qi， invasion of pathogenic toxins， loss of lung Yin， and generation of deficiency-heat are pathogenesis of lung cancer， pneumonia and other lung diseases， the treatment of which usually follows the principles of nourishing Yin， reinforcing healthy Qi， clearing lung， and eliminating heat. With the effects basically in accordance with the treatment principles of lung diseases， Qinghao Biejiatang is widely used in the treatment of lung diseases such as lung cancer-associated fever， hemoptysis or combined with bone metastasis， tuberculosis， community-acquired pneumonia， and pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS-CoV-2）. Basic experiments have shown that Qinghao Biejiatang may exert the therapeutic effects by reducing inflammation， maintaining immune balance， regulating intestinal flora， hormone secretion， lipid metabolism， and inhibiting tumor and oxidative damage. In addition， the main active ingredients of this prescription include artemisinin， luteolin， sitosterol， stigmasterol， polysaccharides， catalpol， paeoniflorin， quercetin， paeonol， gallic acid， timosaponin， and mangiferin， which have anti-tumor， anti-oxidant， anti-virus， inflammation-regulating， and immunomodulatory activities. The paper reviewed the clinical and basic studies of Qinghao Biejiatang in the treatment of lung diseases， aming to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application.
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The syndrome differentiation of Yin and Yang has the function of controlling the other six principles in the eight principles syndrome differentiation，which is a higher level or general induction of the disease. In the clinical process of traditional Chinese medicine，syndrome differentiation of Yin and Yang runs through the whole process of disease diagnosis and treatment. For Parkinson's disease，syndrome differentiation of Yin and Yang is particularly important. Different symptoms，the transformation of pathogenesis during the development of the disease and the treatment of traditional Chinese and western medicine all reflect the characteristics of Yin and Yang opposition restriction，mutual root and mutual use，and the transformation of ebb and flow. This article discusses the background，application and value of Yin-Yang syndrome differentiation from three aspects：the origin and application of yin-yang syndrome differentiation，the basis of Parkinson's disease syndrome differentiation，and the status and role of Yin-Yang syndrome differentiation in Parkinson's disease. It is of great significance to guide the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease with "Yin-Yang as the key point".
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Keratoconus is a progressive blinding eye disease that characterized by corneal thinning and protrusion, which accompanied with irregular astigmatism and impaired visual acuity.The irregular astigmatism of early keratoconus can be corrected by spectacles. For the irregular astigmatism of moderate to severe keratoconus, spectacles are no longer suitable, and contact lenses are the best choice for patients to restore vision. There are various types of contact lenses, making the selection very difficult. In addition, trying on lenses for a long time will increase the discomfort and overall feeling of patients, and greatly increase the workload of doctors. Thus, the article aims to summarize and discuss the classification of contact lenses, the application of contact lenses in different types of keratoconus, the complications of contact lens, and the current status and prospect of contact lenses, with a view to understanding the management and clinical application of contact lenses in keratoconus patients and to further improving the application value of contact lenses in keratoconus.
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Danggui Sinitang is first recorded in the Treatise on Cold Damage written by ZHANG Zhongjing in the Han dynasty. It is composed of Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Cinnamomi Ramulus， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Asari Radix et Rhizoma， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Tetrapanacis Medulla， and Jujubae Fructus and serves as a classic formula for treating the syndrome of blood deficiency and cold reversal. This study systematically reviews the records of Danggui Sinitang in ancient Chinese medicine books of various dynasties and the modern clinical applications to probe into the composition， plant species， processing， dosage， decocting method， and indications of Danggui Sinitang， aiming to provide a reference for the development and clinical application of this classic formula. The review of the records showed that there were a variety of records of Danggui Sinitang with different composition， and the composition of this formula listed in the Treatise on Cold Damage has a significant impact on later generations and has been used by medical practitioners throughout history. Although the dosage of some drugs decreased during the Ming and Qing dynasties， the medical practitioners continued to use the original formula. In terms of processing， although there were slight changes in the processing of Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and Tetrapanacis Medulla， the original processing method was inherited. In terms of indications， Danggui Sinitang was designed to treat cold reversal due to blood deficiency and dysentery. Furthermore， it was used to treat headache， convulsive disease， infantile convulsion， and private part adduction in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Nowadays， this formula is mostly used to treat diabetes peripheral neuropathy， rheumatoid arthritis， dysmenorrhea， Raynaud's disease and other diseases. In terms of precautions， ancient physicians believed that Danggui Sinitang should not be taken by pregnant women and should only be used for limb chills caused by blood deficiency and cold coagulation. For limb chills caused by other reasons， this formula should not be used indiscriminately. Modern research has not reported any serious adverse reactions related to this formula. Danggui Sinitang has a definite therapeutic effect. In subsequent research and development， quality control standards of Danggui Sinitang should be established while its safety is ensured， and the related preparations should be developed and applied.
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Antibiotics are playing an increasingly important role in clinical antibacterial applications. However, their abuse has also brought toxic and side effects, drug-resistant pathogens, decreased immunity and other problems. New antibacterial schemes in clinic are urgently needed. In recent years, nano-metals and their oxides have attracted wide attention due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Nano-silver, nano-copper, nano-zinc and their oxides are gradually applied in biomedical field. In this study, the classification and basic properties of nano-metallic materials such as conductivity, superplasticity, catalysis, and antibacterial activities were firstly introduced. Secondly, the common preparation techniques, including physical, chemical and biological methods, were summarized. Subsequently, four main antibacterial mechanisms, such as cell membrane, oxidative stress, DNA destruction and cell respiration reduction, were summarized. Finally, the effect of size, shape, concentration and surface chemical characteristics of nano-metals and their oxides on antibacterial effectiveness and the research status of biological safety such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity were reviewed. At present, although nano-metals and their oxides have been applied in medical antibacterial, cancer treatment and other clinical fields, some issues such as the development of green preparation technology, the understanding of antibacterial mechanism, the improvement of biosafety, and the expansion of application fields, require further exploration.
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Oxides/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Zinc , CopperABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo summarize the history and modern clinical application of Renshen Baidusan. MethodThe bibliometric method was used to retrieve the relevant publications of Renshen Baidusan from the ancient book database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）. The publications were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The information of dynasty， book title， function， dosage and so on was extracted， on the basis of which the history， composition， dosage， decocting method， original medicinal plants， processing， and modern clinical application of this prescription were analyzed. ResultRenshen Baidusan was first recorded in the Formulary of the Bureau of Taiping People's Welfare Pharmacy， consisting of Bupleuri Radix， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Platycodonis Radix， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Poria， Aurantii Fructus， Peucedani Radix， Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix， Angelicae Pubescentis Radix， Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， and Menthae Haplocalycis Herba and with the effect of dispersing cold， removing dampness， reinforcing Qi， and relieving exterior. Later generations of physicians used this prescription on the basis of the record in Formulary of the Bureau of Taiping People's Welfare Pharmacy to treat cold （frequency of 112， 22.63%） and seasonal cold （frequency of 83， 16.77%）. Renshen Baidusan is widely used in modern clinical practice to treat respiratory diseases （frequency of 42， 17.65%）， skin diseases （frequency of 34， 14.29%）， and infectious diseases （frequency of 33， 13.87%）. This prescription is often modified to treat the syndrome of internal deficiency and external contraction， or external contraction of wind， cold and damp pathogens without deficiency of healthy Qi， which fully embodies the concept of treating different diseases with the same method in traditional Chinese medicine. ConclusionThe textual research reveals the key information of the classical prescription Renshen Baidusan， providing a basis for the subsequent development and application of compound preparations.
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Neural recording electrodes enable the acquisition and collection of electrical signals from neu-rons,and these recorded neural electrical signals are an important means of understanding neuronal activity.As a major component of the brain-machine interface,neu-ral recording electrodes serve as a bridge between the nervous system and external devices.The extracted information can be used to understand the state of the brain and acts as a feedback signal to regulate external devices,thus providing important information for the clini-cal treatment of neurological diseases.Moreover,the electrodes can be used as a vehicle for drug injection to directly treat diseases.Since the time that Strumwas-ser used microwires to achieve long-term recordings of neural activity in hibernating squirrels,implantable elec-trode technology has gradually improved over three gen-erations of development,and progress has been made in improving the biocompatibility,mechanical performance(size,shape,density,etc.),and signal-to-noise ratio.Implantable neural recording electrodes can acquire sig-nals from cortical and deep neural clusters,with the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio,information con-tent,and spatial/temporal resolution.However,there is still a need to improve the structure and performance of these electrodes;for example,their high invasiveness and lack of biocompatibility pose technical difficulties in the process of translation to the clinic.This paper reviews the basic requirements for electrodes,main recording methods and signal types,common types of implant-able neural recording electrodes,and their challenges and future development directions.With the continuous development of electrode materials,equipment,systems,and neurotechnology,it should be possible to apply neu-ral recording electrodes in clinical practice,to promote safe and efficient treatment of human diseases.
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The reversible and precise temporal and spatial regulation of histone lysine methyltransferases(KMTs)is essential for epigenome homeostasis.The dysregulation of KMTs is associated with tumor initiation,metastasis,chemoresistance,invasiveness,and the immune microenvironment.Therapeutically,their promising effects are being evaluated in diversified preclinical and clinical trials,demonstrating encouraging outcomes in multiple malignancies.In this review,we have updated recent understandings of KMTs'functions and the development of their targeted inhibitors.First,we provide an updated overview of the regulatory roles of several KMT activities in oncogenesis,tumor suppression,and im-mune regulation.In addition,we summarize the current targeting strategies in different cancer types and multiple ongoing clinical trials of combination therapies with KMT inhibitors.In summary,we endeavor to depict the regulation of KMT-mediated epigenetic landscape and provide potential epigenetic targets in the treatment of cancers.
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With the rapid development of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technology, NIBS has shown good therapeutic prospect for mental disorders and neurological diseases in clinical research, and the medical ethical issues related to NIBS have received increasingly attention. This paper analyzed the medical ethical issues of informed consent, safety, and privacy protection faced in the clinical application of NIBS technology by combining the technical characteristics of NIBS, and proposed targeted response strategies, with a view to promoting the healthy development of NIBS technology based on the full protection of patients’ rights.
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In recent years, the State has intensified efforts to develop folk Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Shaanxi Province is a large province with rich TCM resources. However, the certificate holding rate of folk TCM in Shaanxi is low, the inheritance of medical skills is not optimistic; the core skills of folk TCM are lack of protection; the traditional folk diagnosis and treatment technology is lack of corresponding standards, and the clinical promotion is difficult, which makes the advantages of folk TCM not fully play. It was suggested that strengthen the assessment of Shaanxi Province’s real expertise, take measures to promote the inheritance, enhance the intellectual property protection of folk TCM in the province, intensify the research and formulation of local folk TCM screening and evaluation standards, and vigorously promote the clinical application of folk TCM in the province, so as to promote the inheritance, protection and development of folk TCM in Shaanxi Province.
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With the change of medical technology from "access management" to "filing management" in China, it is necessary for medical institutions, as the main responsibility, to pass standardized ethical review and supervision. However, there are many problems at present, such as the absence of regulations and guidelines for ethical review of clinical application of medical technology, the lack law of medical technology ethical review standard operating procedures, the insufficient review capacity, the lack of standardization in the choice of ethical review methods, the elements of informed consent and its examination need to be discussed, the lack of appropriate continuing review mode, as well as the confirmation of technical team members and department qualifications is not clearly defined. In order to safeguard the safety and rights of patients, it is important to take the following measures, including carrying out the whole-process supervision of medical institutions, clarifying the supervision process, improving the multi-departmental communication and cooperation mechanism, establishing a management committee for clinical application of medical technology, standardizing the review system of the medical technology ethics committee, clarifying submit the list of materials for ethical review, implementing classified ethical review and supervision to improve efficiency, exploring the tracking review mode, ensuring the whole-process supervision, and carrying out popular and professional ethics training. In the review of ethics committee, more attention should be paid to the main points of review, such as technical scheme, informed consent, qualifications of technical team members and departments, management system, risk assessment and emergency plan, patient compensation and other materials. While ensuring the safety and rights of patients, it also helps to accelerate the healthy development of medical technology.
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Autologous ozonized blood transfusion (AOBT) is a therapeutic method that mixes blood with medical ozone in vitro and then reinfuses it into the body. It has been widely used in the auxiliary treatment of ischemia, hypoxia, autoimmune diseases and cancer. The mechanism of ozone therapy is still unclear, and no unified standard for the concentration, frequency and course of AOBT treatment has been established. This article aims to review the mechanism and clinical application of AOBT.
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@#As an active hydroxyanthraquinone ingredient, emodin is abundant in Chinese medicine herbs, such as Rheum palmatum, Polygonum cuspidatum and Polygonum multiflorum.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that emodin has a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory, antibacterial and anti-viral effects, myocardial protection, neuroprotection, renal protection, bone protection, antifibrosis and so on, which indicate its high medicinal value and broad application prospects.This article aims to summarize the progress in the pharmacological activity and mechanism of action of emodin published in domestic and international journals over the last 5 years and highlight the potential targets and molecular signaling pathways linked with emodin, so as to provide some clues and references for further development and clinical application of emodin.
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@#OBJECTIVE To further standardize the clinical application of anticoagulants and provide reference for improving the efficiency of prescription review of anticoagulants in medical institutions. METHODS Initiated by the Pharmaceutical Administration Committee of Chongqing Hospital Association and led by the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University， in collaboration with experts in relevant fields from multiple provinces across the country， the prescription review rules， warning levels， and intervention measures for 12 kinds of common anticoagulants were established based on drug instructions. Regarding clinical drug use that was not covered by the basic review rules， based on reference to existing guidelines and expert consensus， 42 experts from 22 hospitals in 8 provinces across the country were consulted by letter to form a consensus. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The basic prescription review rules of 12 kinds of anticoagulants， including unfractionated heparin， enoxaparin sodium， nadroparin calcium， dalteparin sodium， fondaparinux sodium， bivalirudin， argatroban， warfarin， dabigatran etexilate， rivaroxaban， apixaban and edoxaban， had been established according to drug instruction， as well as warning levels beyond the basic review rules and corresponding intervention measures. After two rounds of expert consultation， 17 recommendations for prescription review were formed regarding some clinical drug use that were not covered by the basic prescription review rules. With the progress of clinical research， this consensus will be further updated and adjusted； in addition， as this consensus does not cover all situations where anticoagulants are used in clinical practice， prescription reviewer must conduct personalized evaluations based on the specific situation of the patient.
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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new modality for cancer therapy, which has been used in the clinical treatment for various tumors, such as skin cancer, bladder cancer and prostate cancer. Most photosensitizers have the disadvantages of hydrophobic, low bioavailability and the limited tumor targeting ability. The nanoscale delivery systems can improve the solubility of photosensitizers and enhance their accumulation at the tumor sites. The multifunctional nano-delivery systems are prepared in combination with other anti-tumor drugs to enhance the anti-tumor effect. In addition to addressing the issues of poor solubility and the insufficient tumor targeting ability, the nanoscale delivery systems need to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of photosensitizers, facilitating their rapid accumulation at the tumor sites and quick elimination in vivo, and reducing the skin phototoxicity. This review summarizes the recent clinical application of PDT of cancer, the development of photosensitizers, the delivery systems for photosensitizers and the combinatorial application with other therapeutic methods. The goal is to present an understanding of knowledge on the design of new types of photosensitizers and its clinical application in PDT of cancer.
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ObjectiveTo summarize the thinking of treatment of headache based on syndrome differentiation by reviewing the literature of materia medica in the past dynasties， so as to guide the clinical practice. MethodAll the literature of materia medica in the Chinese Medical Dictionary， involving 76 works from Han to Qing Dynasties， were searched， and the information of the herbs for treating headache was extracted. According to Chinese Materia Medica （11th Edition） and Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China （2020 Edition）， the nature， taste， and meridian tropism of the selected herbs were statistically analyzed， and the syndrome elements of headache were classified and counted. In addition， the contents of syndrome differentiation and treatment of headache by different herbs were extracted. ResultFrom the 76 monographs of materia medica in the past dynasties， 114 herbs for treating headache were selected. The herbs mainly had cold or warm nature， pungent or bitter taste， and tropism to the lung and live meridians. The syndrome elements of headache treated by the herbs mainly included wind attack， fire disturbance， turbid obstruction， stagnation， cold coagulation， and healthy Qi deficiency. ConclusionHeadache is mainly treated with the herbs with the effects of dispelling pathogenic wind， clearing heat and purging fire， eliminating phlegm and resolving dampness， regulating Qi movement and activating blood， warming Yang and dispelling cold， and tonifying deficiency and reinforcing healthy Qi， and the herbs are often used in combinations. Headache is treated following the principles of dispelling wind and pathogen， regulating Qi and blood， and tonifying deficiency and purging excess， which is in line with the laws of obstruction and nutrient deficiency causing pain.